Add bookworm images

What does this MR do and why?

Build Debian bookworm (12) images in addition to the Debian bullseye (11) images.

Depends on !755 (merged)

Related Issues

Relates Update debian images to use bookworm instead of... (#132 - closed)

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.