Update dependencies for bookworm

What does this MR do and why?

Updates chrome and docker to prepare the base image upgrade to Debian bookworm (12).

• chrome < 119 packages have not been cached for bookworm
• docker 20.x is not in bookworms package sources

Blocks !750 (merged)

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.