Enable a set of Lint/* cops

What does this MR do and why?

This MR enables a set of Lint/* cops.

• Lint/AmbiguousAssignment
• Lint/AmbiguousOperatorPrecedence
• Lint/AmbiguousRange
• Lint/ConstantOverwrittenInRescue
• Lint/DeprecatedConstants
• Lint/DuplicateBranch
  • With IgnoreLiteralBranches: true and IgnoreConstantBranches: true
• Lint/DuplicateMagicComment
• Lint/DuplicateRegexpCharacterClassElement
  • Accounts for Ruby warning warning: character class has duplicated range
  • See gitlab-org/gitlab#196852
• Lint/EmptyBlock
• Lint/EmptyClass
• Lint/EmptyInPattern

Contributes to #40.

Testing on gitlab-org/gitlab

See gitlab-org/gitlab!108562 (closed)