Resolve "Broken FOSS `master` in `qa:internal`"

What does this MR do?

This reverts:

1. !23481 (merged)
2. !23411 (merged)
3. !23059 (merged)

as this ended up bringing more problems than solutions (and re-add some changes from the !23059 (merged)).

It also changes QA::Runtime::Release#method_missing to take screenshots manually when an exception occurs, as this was the original intent with !23059 (merged).

Lastly, it adds a new qa:internal-foss job to catch in advance any potential issue that may occur in FOSS (e.g. #198393 (closed)).

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• Code review guidelines
• Merge request performance guidelines
• Style guides
• Separation of EE specific content

Availability and Testing

• Review and add/update tests for this feature/bug. Consider all test levels. See the Test Planning Process.
• Tested in all supported browsers

Closes #198393 (closed).