Add Make targets for running unit tests locally with Docker

Summary

Adds Make targets for testing locally in Docker, replicating the tests that are run in CI.

Starts with the unit tests and slow unit tests. Can also add targets for linting, etc.

Closes #717 (closed)

Why?

I've periodically had trouble getting tests to run correctly on my local machine. Since the development team has both Linux and MacOS machines, it'd likely be helpful to provide containerized tests for consistency.

This will ideally encourage further local testing prior to pushing upstream and utilizing CI resources.

Testing

Run the various Make targets locally and ensure they run successfully.