Resolve "Add list of dependencies to the README"

This MR adds a dependency table to the README.

Alongside, the Development section of the README is slightly restructured and simplified and the dev installation extra is added (combining docs and test).

Can this MR be accepted?

• Documentation extended or updated
• Ready for merging
  • Pipeline passes without warnings
  • History cleaned-up or squash option set
  • Changelog entry added
  • Version number bumped
  • Reviewed & approved by @Chilipp

Related issues

Closes #185 (closed)