core: Add time span and context (node) ID filters to logging

Tom Hendersonrequested to merge
tomhenderson/ns-3-dev:filtered-logging into master

This supersedes !636, !2811 (closed), and !2839 (closed). It is based on Mattia's API proposal for time syntax in !636 and my comments in !2811 (closed).

Edited by Tom Henderson

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