chore: Add binary search function

Jared Lewisrequested to merge
binary-search into main

Description

Adds binary_search which performs a binary search to find the index to insert a value into a sorted input array. Also adds is_monotonic which will be needed to validate that arrays are monotonically increasing.

This will be used to find the current time index when evaluating an IVP on prescribed steps in a performant way.

Merge Request Steps

Please confirm that this pull request has done the following:

  • Tests added
  • Documentation added (where applicable)
  • Changelog item added to changelog/.
Edited by Jared Lewis

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