Rename stages, introduce build-package stage

What does this MR do?

• rename the stages of the CI configuration shared by the analyzer projects
• introduce a new build-package stage that sits b/w build-binary and build-image

As a follow-up, we should rearrange the jobs so that the order match the order of the stages.

What are the relevant issue numbers?

gitlab-org/gitlab#229561 (comment 386789807)

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Tests added for this feature/bug
  • branch pipeline tested in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/analyzers/gemnasium-maven/-/pipelines/172428928
  • git tag pipeline tested in https://gitlab.com/fcatteau/tslint/-/pipelines/172435425