Automatically set analyzer version from CHANGELOG

What does this MR do?

This MR updates the Dockerfile so that it automatically configures the metadata.AnalyzerVersion value from the latest version in the CHANGELOG.md file.

What are the relevant issue numbers?

gitlab-org/gitlab#225301 (closed)

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added
• Documentation created/updated for GitLab EE, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated for this project, if necessary
• Documentation reviewed by technical writer or follow-up review issue created
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Job definition updated, if necessary
  • Auto-DevOps template (also in CE)
  • Job definition example
  • CI Templates (to be removed)
  • Vendored CI Templates (also in CE)
• Conforms to the code review guidelines
• Conforms to the Go guidelines
• Security reports checked/validated by reviewer