Add patches to support Ruby 3.1 and 3.2

What does this MR do?

This ports the thread memory allocations patch in https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3978 for Ruby 3.1 and 3.2.

This will be needed to support upgrading Ruby. The patches are not used unless the requested Ruby version is 3.1 and up, as was attempted in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/build/CNG-mirror/-/jobs/3976731598.

Related issues

Related epics:

• Ruby 3.1 upgrade: &10034 (closed)
• Ruby 3.2 upgrade: &9684

gitlab-org/build/CNG!1344 (closed) built Ruby 3.1, and gitlab-org/build/CNG!1345 (closed) built Ruby 3.2.

Checklist

See Definition of done.

For anything in this list which will not be completed, please provide a reason in the MR discussion

Required

• Merge Request Title, and Description are up to date, accurate, and descriptive
• MR targeting the appropriate branch
• MR has a green pipeline on GitLab.com
• Pipeline is green on dev.gitlab.org if the change is touching anything besides documentation or internal cookbooks
• trigger-package has a green pipeline running against latest commit

Expected (please provide an explanation if not completing)

• Test plan indicating conditions for success has been posted and passes
• Documentation created/updated
• Tests added
• Integration tests added to GitLab QA
• Equivalent MR/issue for the GitLab Chart opened: gitlab-org/build/CNG!1343 (merged)