Configure Jest for EE

What does this MR do?

• add Jest configuration for EE-specific tests
• move ee/spec/javascripts/vue_shared/components/is_safe_url_spec.js from Karma to Jest
• refactor ee/spec/frontend/vue_shared/components/is_safe_url_spec.js to use table-based tests

What are the relevant issue numbers?

closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/issues/9081

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated via this MR
• Documentation reviewed by technical writer or follow-up review issue created
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Tested in all supported browsers
• Conforms to the code review guidelines
• Conforms to the merge request performance guidelines
• Conforms to the style guides
• Conforms to the database guides
• Link to e2e tests MR added if this MR has Requires e2e tests label. See the Test Planning Process.
• EE specific content should be in the top level /ee folder
• For a paid feature, have we considered GitLab.com plans, how it works for groups, and is there a design for promoting it to users who aren't on the correct plan?
• Security reports checked/validated by reviewer