ci: Bump all global cache keys for Debian bullseye

Stan Hurequested to merge
sh-bump-cache-key-global-ci into master

What does this MR do and why?

In !80362 (merged) we bumped the CI images from Debian buster to bullseye. We bumped the cache key for everything but the QA gems, which appear to be cached in the setup-test-env job.

Since Debian bullseye uses libc 2.29 but buster uses 2.28, this led to errors in the 14-7-stable-ee branch running C extensions compiled against the former (https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/jobs/2091504634).

When bumping the Debian OS version, we have to be careful that we not only bump the image but also the cache keys. Let's make it easier to bump the image and the cache keys by defining a DEBIAN_VERSION so we only have to change one line.

MR acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

Edited by Stan Hu

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