Create and use PersonalAccessTokenCache

What does this MR do?

Create and use PersonalAccessTokenCache. This addresses the first part of the "Further improvements to personal access token handling" issue

With this change, we save between 15 seconds to 3 minutes depending on the length of the job (see data below).

The change in this MR can be verified by running a test such as qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/1_manage/group/share_group_with_group_spec.rb on main and then on this branch.

Related issue: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/team-tasks/-/issues/818

Conformity

• I have included changelog trailers, or none are needed. (Does this MR need a changelog?)
• I have added/updated documentation, or it's not needed. (Is documentation required?)
• I have properly separated EE content from FOSS, or this MR is FOSS only. (Where should EE code go?)
• I have added information for database reviewers in the MR description, or it's not needed. (Does this MR have database related changes?)
• I have self-reviewed this MR per code review guidelines.
• This MR does not harm performance, or I have asked a reviewer to help assess the performance impact. (Merge request performance guidelines)
• I have followed the style guides.
• This change is backwards compatible across updates, or this does not apply.