CI: Update Go version to 1.24

What does this MR do and why?

CI: Update Go version to 1.24

GitLab Linux package and CNG are built with Go 1.24 for a few months now. We should update CI to test with Go 1.24.

This bumps the default GO_VERSION and drops Go 1.23 from some matrix jobs.

Relates #538398 (closed)

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