Implement partition_table_by_list helper

What does this MR do and why?

This MR is the first part of a series of 3 MRs:

Number	MR	description
1 ⬅	!165992 (merged)	Implements the Gitlab::Database::PartitioningMigrationHelpers::TableManagementHelpers#partition_table_by_list method, which will allow tables such as ci_runners to be partitioned by an existing column (runner_type in that case).
2	!166308 (merged)	Uses the new partition_table_by_list method to create the p_ci_runners partitioned table.
3	!166520 (merged)	Backfills the new p_ci_runners table from ci_runners.

Context: #442395 (comment 2101915370)

Part of #442395

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topic	screenshot
MR 2: migration
MR 2: comparison between non-partitioned and partitioned tables
MR 3: backfill

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