Update google-cloud-core and google-cloud-env gems

What does this MR do and why?

google-cloud-env has this notable change:

• Much more robust retry policy and detection mechanisms for the metadata server

google-cloud-core Changelog: https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-ruby/blob/main/google-cloud-core/CHANGELOG.md

google-cloud-env Changelog: https://github.com/googleapis/ruby-cloud-env/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md

MR acceptance checklist

Please evaluate this MR against the MR acceptance checklist. It helps you analyze changes to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

How to set up and validate locally

1. On a GCP virtual machine with Google Application Default Credentials configured, I patched my Omnibus install:

curl -o /tmp/g.patch https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/161377.diff
cd /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-rails
/opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/ruby /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/bundle install

2. gitlab-ctl restart puma
3. Ran gitlab-rails console:

require 'google-cloud-env'
::Google::Cloud::Env.get
::Google::Cloud::Env.get.metadata?
=> true

4. Attempt to upload files with object storage. ✅