Add partitioned FK from ci_pipeline_artifacts to ci_pipelines

What does this MR do and why?

Add partitioned FK from a few ci_pipeline_* tables to ci_pipelines. This is the first step for replacing the regular FKs with partitioned ones which are needed for partitioning ci_pipelines.

MR acceptance checklist

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Before	After

How to set up and validate locally

./scripts/regenerate-schema
RAILS_ENV=test bin/rails runner 'Feature.enable(:database_async_foreign_key_validation)'
RAILS_ENV=test bin/rails gitlab:db:validate_async_constraints:all
RAILS_ENV=test bin/rails db:schema:dump
git diff db/structure.sql

The FKs are valid:

diff --git a/db/structure.sql b/db/structure.sql
index 1df6e7964381..3ed11593240b 100644
--- a/db/structure.sql
+++ b/db/structure.sql
@@ -34478,7 +34478,7 @@ ALTER TABLE ONLY ci_pipeline_artifacts
     ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_a9e811a466 FOREIGN KEY (pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

 ALTER TABLE ONLY ci_pipeline_artifacts
-    ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_a9e811a466_p FOREIGN KEY (partition_id, pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(partition_id, id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE NOT VALID;
+    ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_a9e811a466_p FOREIGN KEY (partition_id, pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(partition_id, id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE;

 ALTER TABLE ONLY merge_request_user_mentions
     ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_aa1b2961b1 FOREIGN KEY (merge_request_id) REFERENCES merge_requests(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;
@@ -34994,7 +34994,7 @@ ALTER TABLE ONLY ci_daily_build_group_report_results
     ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ee072d13b3 FOREIGN KEY (last_pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

 ALTER TABLE ONLY ci_daily_build_group_report_results
-    ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ee072d13b3_p FOREIGN KEY (partition_id, last_pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(partition_id, id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE NOT VALID;
+    ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ee072d13b3_p FOREIGN KEY (partition_id, last_pipeline_id) REFERENCES ci_pipelines(partition_id, id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE;

 ALTER TABLE ONLY import_source_users
     ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_ee30e569be FOREIGN KEY (namespace_id) REFERENCES namespaces(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Related to #436529