Validate FKs p_ci_job_artifacts self managed

Ref: #439028 (closed)

What does this MR do and why?

Following up !144569 (merged) where we successfully added those FKs for gitlab.com.

This MR validates our new FKs for self-managed users.

This is a similar approach we used for ci_builds in !122087 (merged).

Why are we doing this?

This is a prerequisite in order to partition this table.

https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/database/partitioning/list.html#step-7---re-point-foreign-keys-to-parent-table