Update grpc to v1.55.0 and add monkey patch

What does this MR do and why?

grpc v1.42 and up introduced a regression where a non-standard exception, GRPC::Core::CallError, is raised instead of DeadlineExceeded: https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/33283. The monkey patch applies https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/33565.

This commit restores the changes in !121899 (merged) and introduces a monkey patch to fix the regression.

This unblocks the Ruby 3.1 upgrade in !123806 (merged).

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