Patch ActiveRecord CRUD actions for partitioning

What does this MR do and why?

This is extracted from https://gitlab.com/mbobin/investigate-377940/-/blob/main/rails.rb to allow update/destroy actions to use the partition_id filter for SQL queries.

I think it's better to have it in the GitLab codebase than as a separate gem because there are a lot of other gems here and things that modify ActiveRecord so we might get some unintended behavior from a gem.

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