Update alpine versions to latest

What does this MR do?

Updates all the patch versions of alpine base images to the latest. As a part of #28896 (closed) this should be automated in the future so we are up to date

Why was this MR needed?

To be up to date. Also a major release is a good chance to do some big jumps which we missed before.

What's the best way to test this MR?

Jobs should pass.

The correct base image versions should be printed in the build. E.g.

make out/helper-images/prebuilt-alpine3.15-x86_64.tar.xz should print Building helper image for: linux/amd64 based on alpine:3.15.4

This goes for alpine3.12, alpine3.13 and alpine3.14 as well.

What are the relevant issue numbers?

Related to !3433 (merged)