Update Go from 1.20.11 to 1.20.12

Does not update FIPS Go, which has no 1.20.12 release yet.

Go 1.20.12 milestone: https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.20.12+label%3ACherryPickApproved

Changelog: changed

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https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.20:

go1.20.12 (released 2023-12-05) includes security fixes to the go command, and the net/http and path/filepath packages, as well as bug fixes to the compiler and the go command. See the Go 1.20.12 milestone on our issue tracker for details.

• path/filepath applies Windows only (https://github.com/golang/go/issues/64040)
• net/http https://github.com/golang/go/issues/64433

Realated MRs:

• Builder Images: gitlab-build-images!754 (merged)
• Omnibus: TBD
• CNG: TBD

Relates #75 (closed)