Extract query parameters from note-url generator

What does this MR do?

This is a CE back-port for functionality used in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/merge_requests/15250

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• Changelog entry for user-facing changes, or community contribution. Check the link for other scenarios.
• Documentation created/updated or follow-up review issue created
• Code review guidelines
• Merge request performance guidelines
• Style guides
• Database guides
• Separation of EE specific content

Performance and Testing

This should be a pure API level refactoring, with no user-level observable effects.