Provide a cached archive of compiled assets

What does this MR do?

Adds a tast to cache production assets for other pipelines

Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Why was this MR needed?

Distribution team's ongoing task to improve build times

Screenshots (if relevant)

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated
• API support added
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Conforms to the code review guidelines
  • Has been reviewed by a UX Designer
  • Has been reviewed by a Frontend maintainer
  • Has been reviewed by a Backend maintainer
  • Has been reviewed by a Database specialist
• Conforms to the merge request performance guidelines
• Conforms to the style guides
• Conforms to the database guides
• If you have multiple commits, please combine them into a few logically organized commits by squashing them
• Internationalization required/considered
• End-to-end tests pass (package-and-qa manual pipeline job)

What are the relevant issue numbers?

Related to https://gitlab.com/charts/gitlab/issues/515 Related to omnibus-gitlab#3460 (closed)