Fix migration error when project repository is missing

CE port at https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/24859

What does this MR do?

Prevents background migration failure by making blobs_at handle tolerant of project with missing repository.

This is extracted from https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/merge_requests/9267, so it can be picked into 11.7 as a fix. The data fix migration part will still be in !9267 (merged)

What are the relevant issue numbers?

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/issues/9518

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated via this MR
• Documentation reviewed by technical writer or follow-up review issue created
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Conforms to the code review guidelines
• Conforms to the merge request performance guidelines
• Conforms to the style guides
• Conforms to the database guides
• Link to e2e tests MR added if this MR has Requires e2e tests label. See the Test Planning Process.
• EE specific content should be in the top level /ee folder
• For a paid feature, have we considered GitLab.com plans, how it works for groups, and is there a design for promoting it to users who aren't on the correct plan?
• Security reports checked/validated by reviewer