Update to Ruby 3.2.1 and Alpine 3.17

What does this MR do and why?

To allow for MRs like !3512 (merged) to make sense (using the latest LTS version of Node.js), we should be also use the latest Node.js version in our pipelines.

This MR updates the version of Ruby to 3.2.1 and Alpine to 3.17, which makes LTS node available in our pipelines.

Related issues

• #1385 (closed)
• &9684

How to set up and validate locally

1. Configure a local GitLab Docs environment: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-docs/-/blob/main/doc/setup.md.
2. Check out this branch.
3. Run make setup.
4. Run make view. Site should locally display successfully.
5. Run make internal-links-and-anchors-check. This should complete successfully.
6. Run docker build -f dockerfiles/single.Dockerfile . --build-arg VER=15.9 It should build successfully and show updated versions in the output.
7. Run docker build -f dockerfiles/gitlab-docs-base.Dockerfile . --build-arg RUBY_VERSION=3.2.1 --build-arg ALPINE_VERSION=3.17. It should build successfully. You can log into the built image and test it further if you want.
8. Run docker build -f dockerfiles/gitlab-docs-lint-html.Dockerfile . --build-arg RUBY_VERSION=3.2.1 --build-arg ALPINE_VERSION=3.17. It should build successfully. You can log into the built image and test it further if you want.
9. Run docker build -f dockerfiles/gitlab-docs-lint-markdown.Dockerfile . --build-arg ALPINE_VERSION=3.17 --build-arg VALE_VERSION=2.24.0 --build-arg MARKDOWNLINT_VERSION=0.33.0 --build-arg MARKDOWNLINT2_VERSION=0.6.0. It should build successfully. You can log into the built image and test it further if you want.
10. Open MR in Gitpod, and see it succeeds.

Merge request acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

• I have evaluated the MR acceptance checklist for this merge request.