Docker: Update list of packages that are installed

What does this Merge Request do?

• We remove software-properties-common after we install our git ppa
• Add git-lfs
• Remove build-essentials, because g++ should be sufficient
• Remove ed, as it is just an editor
• Remove apt-transport-https because we are not installing any packages via https only repositories

Merge Request checklist

• Tests added for new functionality. If not, please raise Issue to follow-up.
• This change is backward compatible. If not, please include steps to communicate to our users.
• Documentation added/updated, if needed.
• gdk doctor test added, if needed.