git: Update Git version from 2.33/2.36 to 2.45

What does this MR do and why?

We currently are using a git version tagged around 2 years ago. Moving to a more recent git version allows us to utilize features such as reftables while also getting optimizations and security fixes. Let's migrate to 2.45.

Please note, I'm not fully aware of what implications this would have. I'm merely creating the MR to get the ball rolling and have a discussion here.

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.

Closes #143 (closed)