Update Go from 1.21.9 to 1.21.10

What does this MR do and why?

Update Go from 1.21.9 to 1.21.10

Does not update FIPS Go because there is no 1.21.10 FIPS Go release available yet (https://github.com/golang-fips/go).

Release notes: https://go.dev/doc/devel/release

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.