Update to Ruby 3.1.5 and 3.2.4

What does this MR do and why?

This fixes a number of CVEs and bugs:

• https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2024/04/23/ruby-3-1-5-released/
• https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2024/04/23/ruby-3-2-4-released/

This will also enable us to update to Puma 6.4.2 since https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19837 has been resolved in Ruby 3.1.5.

This patch brings in https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/10696.

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.