Update custom-docker-build's Golang version to 1.22.1

What does this MR do and why?

go1.22.1 (released 2024-03-05) includes security fixes to critical built-in packages. Those packages are used directly/indirectly by popular packages used across GitLab. This commit bumps the default golang version of 1.22 to 1.22.1.

• Release note: https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.22.minor
• Release checksum: https://go.dev/dl/
• Vulnerabilities:
  • https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2609
  • https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2599
  • https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2600
  • https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-2610
  • ...
• Example failed vulnerability check: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/-/jobs/6327349252

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.