Also install Go 1.22

What does this MR do and why?

⚠ This MR requires Remove bullseye images for gitaly and gitlab (!772 - merged) merged first.

This MR adds building images for Go 1.22 as it's now released.

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.