Update Go patch versions

What does this MR do and why?

Update Go patch versions
    
Update Go 1.19, 1.20, and 1.21 patch versions to the patches released
2023-09-06.
    
Changelog: changed

Relates gitlab-omnibus-builder!311 (merged)

Relates gitlab-org/build/CNG!1545 (merged)

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.