Update docker engine and remove manual buildx installation

What does this MR do and why?

• Update to latest docker 23.0.1, https://docs.docker.com/engine/release-notes/23.0/#new 🎉
• Update docker install script to use official docker install instructions: https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/debian/

Checklist

• (If applicable) Add patches if required for upgrading Ruby version in https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-build-images/-/tree/master/patches/ruby.