go: Fix dependencies which have been inadvertently downgraded

With 8a29ef51 (Implement basic transaction processing with write-ahead logging, 2022-10-14) we have implemented the basic logic for write-ahead logging of references. As this MR introduced a bunch of logic it has been taking a comparatively long time to get it reviewed and landed. As part of that there had seemingly be a merge conflict in the go.mod file that was mis-merged and that caused us to downgrade the following dependencies:

- github.com/getsentry/sentry-go 0.17.0 => 0.16.0
- github.com/rubenv/sql-migrate 1.3.0 => 1.2.0
- golang.org/x/sys 0.4.0 => 0.3.0
- golang.org/x/time 0.3.0 => 0.2.0

Revert these downgrades so that we're using the intended dependency versions again.

Changelog: fixed