Update stale docs.gitlab.com links

What does this MR do?

This is a recreation of !5318 (closed), which was created with a docs- branch name by accident. This MR targets code, so we should run the full pipeline.

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Changes:

Audited every hardcoded https://docs.gitlab.com URL in this repo against the current documentation site structure, and fixed the ones that were unambiguously stale:

• Dropped the .html suffix and the trailing /index segment from links in the chart templates, values.yaml, and the examples.
• Removed the /ee/ path prefix.
• Repointed three pages that moved: /policy/experiment-beta-support/ to /policy/development_stages_support/, /install/installation/ to /install/self_compiled/, and /administration/gitaly/#enable-tls-support to /administration/gitaly/tls_support/.
• Updated eleven anchors that were renamed on their target pages, and removed a duplicated anchor in examples/email/values-incoming-email.yaml.

CHANGELOG.md, translations under docs-locale/, and the Vale configuration under doc/.vale/ (which is synced from gitlab-org/gitlab) were left alone.

Related issues

• Related to https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/577350+

Author's checklist

• Ensure the branch name starts with docs-, docs/ or ends with -docs, so only the docs-related CI jobs are included
• Consider taking the GitLab Technical Writing Fundamentals course
• Follow the:
  • Documentation process.
  • Documentation guidelines.
  • Style Guide.
• Merge Request Title and Description are up to date, accurate, and descriptive
• MR targeting the appropriate branch
• MR has a green pipeline on GitLab.com
• When ready for review, MR is labeled "~workflow::ready for review" per the Distribution MR workflow

If you are only adding documentation, do not add any of the following labels:

• ~"feature"
• ~"frontend"
• ~"backend"
• ~"bug"
• ~"database"

These labels cause the MR to be added to code verification QA issues.

Review checklist

Documentation-related MRs should be reviewed by a Technical Writer for a non-blocking review, based on Documentation Guidelines and the Style Guide.

• If the content requires it, ensure the information is reviewed by a subject matter expert.
• Technical writer review items:
  • Ensure docs metadata is present and up-to-date.
  • Ensure the appropriate labels are added to this MR.
  • If relevant to this MR, ensure content topic type principles are in use, including:
    • The headings should be something you'd do a Google search for. Instead of Default behavior, say something like Default behavior when you close an issue.
    • The headings (other than the page title) should be active. Instead of Configuring GDK, say something like Configure GDK.
    • Any task steps should be written as a numbered list.
    • If the content still needs to be edited for topic types, you can create a follow-up issue with the docs-technical-debt label.
• Review by assigned maintainer, who can always request/require the above reviews. Maintainer's review can occur before or after a technical writer review.
• Ensure a release milestone is set.