Add Ruby regexp program size patch for 3.3 and 3.4 [19.4]

What does this MR do and why?

Backports !3121 (merged) to 19.4. It adds the patch from https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/19020 for Ruby 3.3 and 3.4.

The patch files are identical to the ones on master.

Verified in the built image

The gitlab-ruby job log shows patches/3.3/regexp-program-size.patch applied before the other 3.3 patches. Running the image built from this branch:

$ docker run --rm registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/build/cng/gitlab-ruby:regexp-program-size-19-4 bash -c 'ruby -v; grep -q "too big compiled program" "$(ruby -rrbconfig -e "print File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG[%q(libdir)], RbConfig::CONFIG[%q(LIBRUBY_SO)])")" && echo patched || echo "not patched"'
ruby 3.3.12 (2026-07-16 revision 0581089df9) [x86_64-linux]
patched

MR acceptance checklist

This checklist encourages us to confirm any changes have been analyzed to reduce risks in quality, performance, reliability, security, and maintainability.

• This MR is backporting a bug fix, documentation update, or spec fix, previously merged in the default branch.
• The original MR has been deployed to GitLab.com (not applicable for documentation or spec changes).
• This MR has a severity label assigned (if applicable).

Note to the merge request author and maintainer

If you have questions about the patch release process, please:

• Refer to the patch release runbook for engineers and maintainers for guidance.
• Ask questions on the #releases Slack channel (internal only).