Refactor, breaking: Use job_name, go_image as inputs, limit full pipeline, generate Go source using GitLab Duo, revamp docs

What does this MR do and why?

Breaking changes.

1. Introduces a solution to dynamic job names based on versions: Users can decide themselves by overriding the new job_name input.
2. Removed go_version in favor of go_image which the user can specifically override, too.
   1. When interpolation later supports referencing inputs on the same level, will be able to do more with additional go_version inputs. For now, lets reserve the input behavior for later.
3. The changes follow the template introduced in the Ruby CI/CD component, which have been applied to the new Rust component too. https://gitlab.com/components/ruby
4. The full pipeline is limited to generic inputs for now.
5. The Go source code has been refactored into a GitLab Duo AI-generated version, the prompt should be repeatable for future updates.
6. The documentation has been updated.

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