DEV: Extend deprecated decorator

Checklist

• I have read the contribution guidelines.
• Unit tests have been added for any new or changed code, and the test suite passes. Note: Your request will likely not be merged without the appropriate tests.
• "closes #XXXX" is in the body of the MR description to link the related issue, if applicable.

This MR extends the ase.utils.deprecated decorator so that one can

1. conditionally omit deprecation warnings based on the context of the calling function and
2. adjust the arguments of deprecated function.

Use cases include when one might want to deprecate calling a function with positional arguments or normalize constructor arguments prior to assigning object attributes.

I think these changes will be useful given the number of API changes made since the last release.