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Atomic species are distinguished between electrode atoms and electrolyte atoms depending on their charge distribution. Electrode species are characterized by a Gaussian charge distribution of amplitude $`Q_i`$ and width $`\eta_i^{-1}`$
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```math
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\rho_i (\mathbf{r}) = Q_i \eta_i^3 \pi ^{-3/2} \exp(-\eta_i^2 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r_i}|^2)
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\rho_i (\mathbf{r}) = Q_i \eta_i^3 \pi ^{-3/2} \exp(-\eta_i^2 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_i|^2)
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```
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The value of the charge $`Q_i`$ can be kept constant or can fluctuate under a constant potential constraint. If so, the charges on the electrode atoms are computed at each timestep (for more information see [here](constant-potential)).
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On the other hand, electrolyte species have a point charge distribution
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```math
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\rho_i (\mathbf{r}) = q_i \delta (\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r_i})
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\rho_i (\mathbf{r}) = q_i \delta (\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_i)
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```
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They are usually mobile and can be polarizable (in polarizable force fields) and deformable (in the aspherical ion model).
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\mathbf{F_{ij}} = - \mathbf{F_{ji}}
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```
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* [Electrostatic interactions](#elec)
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- [Coulomb potential](#coulomb)
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<a name="elec">
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# Electrostatic interactions
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</a>
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<a name="coulomb">
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## Coulomb potential
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</a>
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The Coulomb potential for a set of point charges and Gaussian charges $`\rho=\sum_i \rho_i`$ is given by
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```math
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V[\rho]=\frac{1}{2}\int d^3 \mathbf{r} d^3 \mathbf{r}'\frac{\rho(\mathbf{r})\rho(\mathbf{r}')}{\mid \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'\mid}
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