main/waydroid-image: remove (MR 3508)
This has been out-of-date for almost a year with seemingly stalled progress on the existing upgrade MR[1] for months now; it really seems like no one wants to maintain this which currently leaves this "force-installed-by-default" packaged image broken on all wlroots-based Wayland compositors for example. [1] !3091 ("Draft: main/waydroid-image: upgrade to 17.1.20220419")