Migrate Devcontainer to new base image
Currently, the base images from https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-dev-containers are used. This project has been archived in November 2023 and is superseded by a new repository at https://github.com/devcontainers/images.
The use of the new base images is required to use new versions of SDKs, e.g. JDK 21. To make the switch, more changes that just switching the base image location for the Dockerfile are required.
See: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-dev-containers/issues/1762