Update the tutorial existing information

Clarification and motivation

The tutorial hasn't been updated in a while, so many things either do not work anymore or they could be improved.

In particular:

1. the suggestions for tezos-client to use -A <IP addr|host> and -P <port number> should be replaced with -E <URL>
2. Mentions for the carthagenet testnet should be replaced with those for edo2net, which is the testnet currently active.
3. Likewise, the mentions to a carthagenet explorer should be replaced with one for an edo2net explorer. Suggestion: popular ones are: better-call.dev and edo2net.tzkt.io as well.
4. Consequently, the screenshots showing the explorer use should also be updated with new ones
5. Output of example commands should be checked. They are likely to return the same result, but in some specific cases, e.g. with the -v flag, they may need an update.
6. Links should be verified as well, they mostly point at a page of the official documentation, but its structure may have been changed.

If any more issues are found while following the tutorial they should be reported as a comment here.

Note: this issue is only meant to improve the existing incorrect information. More could be added to it, e.g. the Appendix A seems incomplete and chapter 04 could explain newer macros/instruction instead. However this will be decided on and handled separately.

Acceptance criteria

The points above have been checked and updated.

If more was found to be broken or outdated it should be reported below and fixed as well.