Dependency Proxy: Error response from daemon: received unexpected HTTP status: 599 status code 599
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### Summary
Pipeline Jobs fail with HTTP 599 error from Dependency Proxy.
### Steps to reproduce
1. Trigger a Pipeline with Jobs which use Dependency Proxy.
### What is the current *bug* behavior?
When a Pipeline Job runs, the following error is encountered:
```
Pulling docker image gitlab.REDACTED.com:443/REDACTED/dependency_proxy/containers/postgres:17.5 ...
WARNING: Failed to pull image with policy "always": Error response from daemon: received unexpected HTTP status: 599 status code 599 (manager.go:254:20s)
ERROR: Job failed: failed to pull image "gitlab.REDACTED.com:443/REDACTED/dependency_proxy/containers/postgres:17.5" with specified policies [always]: Error response from daemon: received unexpected HTTP status: 599 status code 599 (manager.go:254:20s)
```
### What is the expected *correct* behavior?
The Pipeline Job should run.
### Relevant logs and/or screenshots
As above.
#### Results of GitLab environment info
<details>
<summary>Expand for output related to GitLab environment info</summary>
<pre>
System information
System: Ubuntu 20.04
Current User: git
Using RVM: no
Ruby Version: 3.2.5
Gem Version: 3.6.5
Bundler Version:2.6.5
Rake Version: 13.0.6
Redis Version: 7.0.15
Sidekiq Version:7.2.4
Go Version: unknown
GitLab information
Version: 17.10.0
Revision: d8c1ba94b65
Directory: /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-rails
DB Adapter: PostgreSQL
DB Version: 14.17
URL: https://gitlab.REDACTED.com
HTTP Clone URL: https://gitlab.REDACTED.com/some-group/some-project.git
SSH Clone URL: git@gitlab.REDACTED.com:some-group/some-project.git
Using LDAP: no
Using Omniauth: yes
Omniauth Providers:
GitLab Shell
Version: 14.41.0
Repository storages:
- default: unix:/var/opt/gitlab/gitaly/gitaly.socket
GitLab Shell path: /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-shell
Gitaly
- default Address: unix:/var/opt/gitlab/gitaly/gitaly.socket
- default Version: 17.10.0
- default Git Version: 2.48.1.gl1
</pre>
</details>
#### Results of GitLab application Check
<!-- Input any relevant GitLab application check information if needed. -->
<details>
<summary>Expand for output related to the GitLab application check</summary>
<pre>
Checking GitLab subtasks ...
Checking GitLab Shell ...
GitLab Shell: ... GitLab Shell version >= 14.41.0 ? ... OK (14.41.0)
Running /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-shell/bin/gitlab-shell-check
Internal API available: OK
Redis available via internal API: OK
gitlab-shell self-check successful
Checking GitLab Shell ... Finished
Checking Gitaly ...
Gitaly: ... default ... OK
Checking Gitaly ... Finished
Checking Sidekiq ...
Sidekiq: ... Running? ... yes
Number of Sidekiq processes (cluster/worker) ... 1/1
Checking Sidekiq ... Finished
Checking Incoming Email ...
Incoming Email: ... Reply by email is disabled in config/gitlab.yml
Checking Incoming Email ... Finished
Checking LDAP ...
LDAP: ... LDAP is disabled in config/gitlab.yml
Checking LDAP ... Finished
Checking GitLab App ...
Database config exists? ... yes
Tables are truncated? ... skipped
All migrations up? ... yes
Database contains orphaned GroupMembers? ... no
GitLab config exists? ... yes
GitLab config up to date? ... yes
Cable config exists? ... yes
Resque config exists? ... yes
Log directory writable? ... yes
Tmp directory writable? ... yes
Uploads directory exists? ... yes
Uploads directory has correct permissions? ... yes
Uploads directory tmp has correct permissions? ... yes
Systemd unit files or init script exist? ... skipped (omnibus-gitlab has neither init script nor systemd units)
Systemd unit files or init script up-to-date? ... skipped (omnibus-gitlab has neither init script nor systemd units)
Projects have namespace: ...
REDACTED 600 lines, all "yes"
Redis version >= 6.2.14? ... yes
Ruby version >= 3.0.6 ? ... yes (3.2.5)
Git user has default SSH configuration? ... yes
Active users: ... 73
Is authorized keys file accessible? ... yes
GitLab configured to store new projects in hashed storage? ... yes
All projects are in hashed storage? ... yes
Checking GitLab App ... Finished
Checking GitLab subtasks ... Finished
</pre>
</details>
### Proposed Solution
Implement a retry logic
#### Implementation plan
- Implement Happy Eyeballs (RFC 8305): https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8305
- Instead of retrying the same hostname, we do IP fallback so another IP address is retried. If we retry with the same hostname, the IP address is cached so the error might still persist.
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