Add DPoP checks in GraphQL and API requests

What does this MR do and why?

See Sender constraining personal access tokens (#425130) for more context. This MR makes use of the backend DPoP checks that are introduced in Parse and validate DPoP Tokens (!166206 - merged).

How to set up and validate locally

1. In rails console, enable the feature flag for the user you are going to be testing the feature with:

Feature.enable(:dpop_authentication, User.find(1))

2. Using the rails console, enable DPoP for the user :

UserPreferences::UpdateService.new(User.find(1), {dpop_enabled: true}).execute

3. Ensure you have an SSH key-pair setup with the public key uploaded to your user account. Ensure that the key type is saved as "Signing" or "Authentication and Signing".
4. Build glab from this branch.
5. Using glab generate a DPoP header: bin/glab auth dpop-gen --pat "<glpat-PAT>" --private-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa
6. Use the generated header to make an HTTP API request eg.: curl http://localhost:3000/api/v4/projects --header "Private-Token: <glpat-PAT>" --header "DPoP: <GLAB OUTPUT HERE>"
7. Confirm valid response is received. Confirm that the request fails without a valid DPoP header.
8. Repeat and confirm for GraphQL requests, e.g. curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -H "Private-Token: <glpat-PAT>" -H "DPoP: <GLAB OUTPUT HERE>" -d '{ "query": "query { currentUser { id } }" }' "http://localhost:3000/api/graphql"
9. Confirm that the server responds with accurate error messages related to the failing DPoP check (eg. signature expired, JWT invalid, etc.).

app/controllers/graphql_controller.rb

 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class GraphqlController < ApplicationController
+  include Gitlab::Auth::AuthFinders
   extend ::Gitlab::Utils::Override
 
   # Unauthenticated users have access to the API for public data
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ class GraphqlController < ApplicationController
   prepend_before_action { authenticate_sessionless_user!(:graphql_api) }
 
   before_action :authorize_access_api!
+  before_action(only: [:execute]) { check_dpop! }
   before_action :set_user_last_activity
   before_action :track_vs_code_usage
   before_action :track_jetbrains_usage
@@ -78,6 +80,12 @@ def execute
     end
   end
 
+  rescue_from Gitlab::Auth::DpopValidationError do |exception|
+    log_exception(exception)
+
+    render_error(exception.message, status: :unauthorized)
+  end
+
   # ApplicationController has similar rescues but we declare these again here because the
   # `rescue_from StandardError` above would prevent these from bubbling up to ApplicationController.
   # These also return errors in a JSON format similar to GraphQL errors.
@@ -120,6 +128,18 @@ def feature_category
 
   private
 
+  def check_dpop!
+    return unless current_user && Feature.enabled?(:dpop_authentication, current_user)
+
+    token = extract_personal_access_token
+    return unless PersonalAccessToken.find_by_token(token.to_s) # The token is not PAT, exit early
+
+    # For authenticated requests we check if the user has DPoP enabled
+    ::Auth::DpopAuthenticationService.new(current_user: current_user,
+      personal_access_token_plaintext: token,
+      request: current_request).execute
+  end
+
   def permitted_params
     @permitted_params ||= multiplex? ? permitted_multiplex_params : permitted_standalone_query_params
   end