Add new columns to p_ci_builds

Problem

In order to eventually drop ci_builds_metadata we need to move some intrinsic data into p_ci_builds .

Proposal

• See the PoC Draft: PoC: split build metadata into `job_prot... (!193948 - closed) for what columns to add.
  • Note that we will not add ci_builds.prototype_id but we will add an association table instead.
• Work with the database team to get a bulk exception for these columns - @morefice
• ⚠️ Need to resolve Decide where to store `scoped_user_id` (#551859 - closed) before working on this