CI / Docker: Unable to find image locally

Summary

For some reason my Pipeline does not work anymore as expected even though I didn't change it. I'm using gitlab.com.

I'm suddenly getting Unable to find image 'registry.gitlab.com/[REPO_NAME]/stage:4fc9cae5' locally

My Pipeline looks like this:

image: docker:git

services:
  - docker:dind

build stage:
  only:
    - stage
  stage: build
  before_script:
    - docker login -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER -p $CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $CI_REGISTRY
  script:
    - cp -v $DOTENV_STAGE $CI_PROJECT_DIR/.env
    - docker pull $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH || true
    - docker build --cache-from $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH --file=Dockerfile-stage -t $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH:$CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA -t $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH:latest .
    - docker push $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH:latest
  after_script:
    - rm $CI_PROJECT_DIR/.env

test:
  only:
    - stage
  stage: test
  before_script:
    - docker login -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER -p $CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $CI_REGISTRY
  script:
    - docker run --env-file $DOTENV_TEST $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH:$CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA npm run test

The build process succeeds as expected, but the test doesn't because it cannot find the image with the :$CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA-tag.

$ docker run --env-file $DOTENV_TEST $GITLAB_IMAGE_PATH/$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH:$CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA npm run test
Unable to find image 'registry.gitlab.com/[REPO_NAME]/stage:4fc9cae5' locally
docker: Error response from daemon: manifest for registry.gitlab.com/[REPO_NAME]/stage:4fc9cae5 not found: manifest unknown: manifest unknown.

I don't want to use the latest-tag here since I want to make sure it's always referring to image with the commit-sha.

It used to work like this before, I didn't do any changes to my pipeline. Where there any changes made to the runner?

Steps to reproduce

Run beforementioned pipeline

What is the current bug behavior?

Runner cannot find the built image

What is the expected correct behavior?

Runner finds the built image

Relevant logs and/or screenshots

See above

Output of checks

This bug happens on GitLab.com