Upload artifacts on execution timeout

Description

ZD: https://gitlab.zendesk.com/agent/tickets/83487

One of our customers is running into issues where a job is being killed due to job timeout:

ERROR: Job failed: execution took longer than 4h0m0s seconds

They would like to debug the timeout by investigating the artifacts, using [`artifacts:when`](https://docs.gitlab.com/ce/ci/yaml/#artifacts-when). But the artifacts aren't being uploaded because uploading artifacts should be uploaded within the timeout set in the project settings

### Steps to reproduce

- Have a job that runs for a time longer than project `build_timeout` (default 60min): https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/pipelines/settings.html#timeout
- Add `artifacts:when: on_failure` to your `.gitlab-ci.yml`

### Proposal

Upload the artifacts **after** the job is being killed by the `build_timeout`.

#### Use cases

To investigate jobs that are taking too long to complete.

### Feature checklist

Make sure these are completed before closing the issue,
with a link to the relevant commit.

- [ ] [Feature assurance](https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/product/#feature-assurance)
- [ ] Documentation
- [ ] Added to [features.yml](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/www-gitlab-com/blob/master/data/features.yml)