Regression: could not lstat <long_filename> : Filename too long

After updating our docker-windows gitlab runner from 16.9.1 to 17.8.3, we get errors during the git fetch stage that it cannot delete files due to too long filenames. This worked fine before.

Getting source from Git repository
Fetching changes with git depth set to 50...
Reinitialized existing Git repository in C:/builds/<group>/<project>/.git/
Checking out ae0d9575 as detached HEAD (ref is master)...
warning: could not lstat build/<some_long_filename>.zip
: Filename too long